Engineering Design and Optimization of Thermofluid Systems by Ting, David S. K.

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Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What Are Design and Optimization of Thermofluid Systems? 1 1.2 Differentiating Engineering from Science 3 1.3 Development, Design, and Analysis 5 1.4 The Design Process 6 1.5 Existing Books on Thermofluid System Design and/or Optimization 9 1.6 Organization of the Book 10 Problems 10 References 12 2 Engineering Economics 14 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Worth of Money with Respect to Time 15 2.2.1 Compound Interest and Effective Interest 17 2.2.2 PresentWorth Factor 19 2.3 Money Flow Series 20 2.3.1 Cash Flow Diagram 20 2.3.2 Rate of Return, Benefit-Cost Ratio, and Capital Recovery Factor 25 2.4 Thermo-economics 29 Problems 29 References 30 3 Common Thermofluid Devices 32 3.1 Common Components of Thermofluid Systems 33 3.2 Valves 34 3.2.1 Ball Valves 34 3.2.2 Butterfly Valves 35 3.2.3 Gate Valves 35 3.2.4 Globe Valves 35 3.2.5 Needle Valves 37 3.2.6 Pinch Valves 38 3.2.7 Plug Valves 38 3.2.8 Poppet Valves 39 3.2.9 Saddle Valves 39 3.2.10 Some Comments on Valves 40 3.3 Ducts, Pipes, and Fittings 40 3.3.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flow 40 3.3.2 Entrance to Fully Developed Pipe Flow 42 3.3.3 Friction of Fully-Developed Pipe Flow 44 3.3.4 Head Loss along a Pipe Section 47 3.3.5 Minor Head Loss 50 3.4 Piping Network 52 Problems 54 References 55 4 Heat Exchangers 56 4.1 Effective Exchange of Thermal Energy 57 4.2 Types of Heat Exchangers 59 4.3 Indirect-Contact Heat Exchangers 60 4.3.1 A Single Fluid in a Conduit of Constant Temperature 60 4.3.2 Heat Transfer from a Hot Stream to a Cold Stream 64 4.3.3 Log Mean Temperature Difference 66 4.3.4 Correction Factor 69 4.4 Comments on Heat Exchanger Selection 71 Problems 73 References 74 5 Equations 75 5.1 Introduction 76 5.1.1 Model Versus Simulation 77 5.1.2 Simulation 79 5.2 Types of Models 80 5.2.1 Analog Models 81 5.2.2 Mathematical Models 84 5.2.3 Numerical Models 84 5.2.4 Physical Models 85 5.3 Forms of Mathematical Models 85 5.4 Curve Fitting 86 5.4.1 Least Error Linear Fits 86 5.4.2 Least Error Polynomial Fits 89 5.4.3 Non-Polynomial into Polynomial Functions 92 5.4.4 Multiple Independent Variables 93 Problems 94 References 95 6 Thermofluid System Simulation 96 6.1 What is System Simulation? 97 6.2 Information-Flow Diagram 98 6.3 Solving a Set of Equations via the Matrix Approach 100 6.4 Sequential versus Simultaneous Calculations 106 6.5 Successive Substitution 106 6.6 Taylor Series Expansion and the Newton-Raphson Method 113 6.6.1 Taylor Series Expansion 113 6.6.2 The Newton-Raphson Method 116 Problems 122 References 124 7 Formulating the Problem for Optimization 125 7.1 Introduction 126 7.2 Objective Function and Constraints 127 7.3 Formulating a Problem to Optimize 128 Problems 139 References 142 8 Calculus Approach 144 8.1 Introduction 145 8.2 Lagrange Multiplier 146 8.3 Unconstrained, Multi-Variable, Objective Function 148 8.4 Multi-Variable Objective Function with Equality Constraints 151 8.5 Significance of the Lagrange Multiplier Operation 155 8.6 The Lagrange Multiplier as a Sensitivity Coefficient 161 8.7 Dealing with Inequality Constraints 163 Problems 164 References 166 9 Search Methods 167 9.1 Introduction 168 9.2 Elimination Methods 169 9.2.1 Exhaustive Search 169 9.2.2 Dichotomous Search 172 9.2.3 Fibonacci Search 175 9.2.4 Golden Section Search 178 9.2.5 Comparison of Elimination Methods 181 9.3 Multi-variable, Unconstrained Optimization 181 9.3.1 Exhaustive Search 181 9.3.2 Lattice Search 183 9.3.3 Univariate Search 185 9.3.4 Steepest Ascent/Descent Method 187 9.4 Multi-variable, Constrained Optimization 193 9.4.1 Penalty Function Method 193 9.4.2 Search-Along-a-Constraint (Hemstitching) Method 196 Problems 205 References 207 10 Geometric Programming 208 10.1 Common Types of Programming 209 10.2 What is Geometric Programming? 210 10.3 Single-Variable, Unconstrained Geometric Programming 210 10.4 Multi-Variable, Unconstrained Geometric Programming 215 10.5 Constrained Multi-Variable Geometric Programming 218 10.6 Conclusion 225 Problems 226 References 227 Appendix: Sample Design and Optimization Projects 228 A.1 Introduction 229 A.2 Cavern-based Compressed Air Energy Storage 229 A.3 Underwater Compressed Air Energy Storage 233 A.4 Compressed Air Energy Storage Underground 235 A.5 Geothermal Heat Exchanger 235 A.6 Passive Cooling of a Photovoltaic Panel for Efficiency 237 A.7 Desert Expedition 238 A.8 Fire- and Heat-Resilient Designs 240 References 241 Index 243